Genital Herpes Affects 1 in 5 Younger Adults Worldwide

By Adebowale Bello, B.Tech Microbiology, Freelance Health Writer. Medically reviewed by A. Odutola, MBBS, PhD, FRCSEd.

Five young African adults smiling and posing together.

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) is one of the most prevalent infections worldwide, affecting millions each year. While many associate HSV with cold sores, its genital forms—HSV-1 and HSV-2—present significant health, social and psychological challenges.  

A recent global study reveals the scale of genital herpes infections, shedding light on its impact across regions, particularly Africa, where the burden remains alarmingly high.

Findings from the Study

According to the study, over 846 million people aged 15–49 years currently live with genital herpes. In 2020, approximately 42.4 million new cases of genital herpes were recorded. Of these:

• 25.6 million were caused by HSV-2.
• 16.8 million were linked to HSV-1.

Africa accounted for nearly 10 million new HSV-2 infections in 2020, the highest globally. This highlights a pressing need for awareness and prevention of HSV in the region.

About HSV-1 and HSV-2

HSV-1 is often acquired orally during childhood, leading to cold sores. However, it can also be transmitted sexually, causing genital herpes. In contrast, HSV-2 is almost exclusively sexually transmitted and is the primary cause of recurrent genital ulcer disease (GUD).

Globally, HSV-2 affects more women (17%) than men (9.7%) while genital HSV-1 is slightly more common in women as well. In Africa, young adults bear the highest burden of new infections, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions among this demographic.

Why Genital Herpes Demands Attention

Genital herpes goes beyond physical health—it significantly impacts mental well-being, relationships and quality of life. Here are some key concerns,

1. Recurrent Genital Sores

Painful outbreaks disrupt daily life and affect self-esteem.

2. Stigma and Shame

Fear of judgement prevents many from seeking medical help.

3. Increased Risk of HIV Transmission

HSV-2 triples the risk of acquiring and transmitting HIV, creating a dangerous synergy in regions with high HIV prevalence, such as sub-Saharan Africa.

4. Neonatal Herpes

For pregnant women, the virus poses severe risks to newborns during childbirth. If untreated, neonatal herpes can lead to fatal complications.

Prevention and Treatment in Africa

Despite its widespread impact, prevention and treatment of genital herpes remain limited in Africa. Current antiviral treatments can manage symptoms but do not cure the infection. This shows the urgency for new approaches, including:

1. Vaccines: Both prophylactic (to prevent infection) and therapeutic (to reduce symptoms) vaccines are critical to controlling HSV transmission.

2. Education: Raising awareness about safe sexual practices and the importance of early diagnosis can reduce transmission.

3. Accessible Healthcare: Improved access to sexual and reproductive health services can address HSV and its complications more effectively.

Wrap Up

Genital herpes is a public health challenge that can no longer be ignored. While the numbers paint a grim picture, they also highlight an opportunity for action. By investing in research, improving healthcare access and breaking the stigma surrounding sexually transmitted infections, African health managers and policy makers can lead efforts to reduce the burden of HSV and improve lives in the region.

Source: Harfouche M, AlMukdad S, Alareeki A, et al. Estimated global and regional incidence and prevalence of herpes simplex virus infections and genital ulcer disease in 2020: mathematical modelling analyses. Sexually Transmitted Infections. Available from here

Published: January 14, 2025

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