Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak in Tanzania: What You Need to Know

By Adebowale Bello. B.Tech Microbiology, Freelance Health Writer.

A detailed map of Kagera region in Tanzania, East Africa; site of recent outbreak of Marburg Virus Disease. Click on image to enalrge.

On January 10, 2025, Tanzania's Kagera region reported a concerning outbreak of a suspected deadly virus, the Marburg Virus Disease (MVD). The World Health Organization (WHO) has since confirmed nine suspected cases, eight of which have resulted in fatalities. This raises the case fatality rate to a staggering 89%. With such a high fatality rate and significant health risks, the outbreak demands immediate attention, especially for Tanzanians and those living in surrounding regions.

Outbreak Overview In Tanzania

Location: Kagera region, specifically Biharamulo and Muleba districts.

Cases: Nine suspected cases with eight deaths reported.

History: The region had an earlier outbreak in 2023 that lasted two months, killing six out of nine people.  

The African fruit bat, host of the Marburg virus.

Risk Considerations

• The presence of fruit bats, the virus's natural host, makes the Kagera region vulnerable.

• The proximity to international borders with Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi increases the risk of regional spread.

• Delayed detection of the outbreak has further complicated containment efforts.

Challenges In Controlling The Outbreak

• Misinformation

False rumours can hinder efforts to contain the outbreak. Accurate, culturally sensitive communication is essential to foster trust and encourage early symptom reporting.

• Resource Limitations

Tanzania and neighbouring countries must ensure enough isolation units, personal protective equipment (PPE) and trained health workers to manage the outbreak effectively.

• Lack of Vaccines

Currently, no licensed vaccines exist for MVD. While experimental vaccines are in development, their availability for large-scale use remains limited.

Why This Outbreak is Concerning

• High Fatality Rate

With an 89% fatality rate among suspected cases, the Marburg virus is one of the deadliest pathogens known. Its rapid progression leaves little room for delayed medical care.

• Impact on Healthcare Workers

The inclusion of healthcare workers among suspected cases highlights the risk of transmission in hospitals, emphasizing the need for robust infection prevention measures.

• Geographic Spread

The presence of cases near borders and the Kagera region's role as a transit hub increase the likelihood of international spread.

What is Being Done?

• Surveillance and Testing

Rapid response teams are tracing contacts and sending patient samples for laboratory testing. Mobile labs have been set up for quicker results.

• Isolation and Treatment

Patients are being treated in specialized units to limit the spread. Communities are being encouraged to report symptoms early and avoid caring for the sick at home.

• Risk Communication

Public awareness campaigns are being conducted to educate people on symptoms and prevention.

• International Collaboration 

Border surveillance has been intensified, and neighbouring countries are being engaged to enhance preparedness.

How Can You Protect Yourself?

• Avoid contact with bodily fluids of suspected or confirmed MVD patients.

• If someone shows symptoms, encourage them to visit a health facility immediately.

• Avoid touching the bodies of deceased individuals who may have had the disease.
• Avoid caves or mines inhabited by fruit bats without protective clothing.
• Ensure all animal products, including meat and blood, are thoroughly cooked.

• Wash hands regularly with soap and water or use alcohol-based sanitizers.

• Disinfect surfaces that may have been contaminated.

Wrap Up

Though the global risk of this outbreak remains low, the situation in Tanzania highlights the importance of vigilance. For Africa, where such diseases tend to emerge, the need for stronger health systems cannot be overstated.

As we wait for more updates, communities can also play a critical role in preventing the spread of MVD. Local leaders, traditional healers and clergy must work with health officials to promote accurate information. With collective effort and international support, this outbreak can be controlled, protecting lives and preventing further spread.

Source: World Health Organization Newsroom.

Related:

• Rwanda Declares End of Marburg Virus Outbreak
• Nigeria at Risk of Marburg Virus Outbreak, Says NCDC
• Kenya Enhances Marburg Virus Preparedness with Specialized Labs
• Uganda Strengthens Defenses Against Marburg Virus Threat from Rwanda

Published: January 15, 2025

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